English-Learning Podcasts for Teachers and Students

English-Learning Podcasts for Teachers and Students Podcasting provides a means of publishing audio programs via the Internet. Users can automatically download podcasts (usually mp3 files) onto their computers and transfer these recordings automatically to portable music players such as Apples extremely popular iPods. Users can then listen to the files anytime and anywhere they choose. Podcasting is especially interesting for English learners as it provides a means for students to get access to authentic listening sources about almost any subject they may interest them. Teachers can take advantage of podcasts as a basis for listening comprehension exercises, as a means of generating conversation based on students reaction to podcasts, and as a way of providing each and every student diverse listening materials. Students will obviously find the ability to listen to these podcasts useful especially due to its portability. Another extremely useful aspect of podcasting is its subscription model. In this model, users subscribe to a feed using a program. The most popular of these programs, and possibly most useful, is iTunes. While iTunes is not by any means solely dedicated to podcasts, it does provide an easy means to subscribe to free podcasts. Another popular program is available at iPodder, which focuses solely on subscribing to podcasts. Podcasting for English Learners and Teachers While podcasting is relatively new, there are already a number of promising podcasts dedicated to English learning. Here is a selection of the best I could find: English Feed English Feed is a new podcast I have created. The podcast focuses on important grammar and vocabulary subjects while providing great listening practice. You can sign up for the podcast in iTunes, iPodder, or any other podcatching software. If you arent sure of what podcasting is ( a listening practice that you can receive automatically), you might want to take a look at this short introduction to podcasting. The Word Nerds This podcast is very professional, delivers excellent information about relevant topics and is a lot of fun. Created for native speakers of English who enjoy learning about the ins-and-outs of the language, The Word Nerds podcast is also excellent for advanced level English learners - especially those who are interested in idiomatic English. English Teacher John Show Podcast John focuses on understandable English speaking in an extremely clear voice (some might find the perfect pronunciation unnatural) provides useful English lesson - ideal for intermediate level learners. ESLPod One of the more mature - if you can say that anything is mature at this point - podcasts dedicated to ESL learning. The podcasts include advanced vocabulary and subjects which will prove especially useful for English for Academic Purposes classes. Pronunciation is very slow and clear, if rather unnatural. Flo-Joe Also, a commercial site for teachers and students preparing for Cambridge First Certificate in English (FCE), Certificate in Advanced English (CAE) and Certificate of Proficiency in English (CPE). Advanced level English podcasting with a decidedly British accent - both in terms of pronunciation and themes about British life.

The Reality of Freelance Writing

The Reality of Freelance Writing The Reality of Freelance Writing The Reality of Freelance Writing By Mark Nichol A recent Craigslist job posting invites readers to apply to write twenty or more 1,000-word online-marketing articles per week. The pay rate? Twenty dollars per article to start, thirty dollars each after the first ten articles, and forty or fifty dollars apiece after a couple of weeks. The compensation for this work, after the initial fifty articles are written, is more than a thousand dollars a month about fifty thousand dollars a year, a fair income for a freelance writer. But back up a bit: The writer is being asked to produce 20,000 words per week. At that rate, one could churn out a good-sized novel or nonfiction book each month if not for the fact that writers are human beings who need to eat and sleep and would like to indulge in luxuries like recreation and socialization. Assuming that a 1,000-word article can be written in around two hours, that’s a full-time workweek. The problem? Salaried writers don’t write for forty hours a week. They attend meetings and confer with colleagues, and perhaps do some editing and proofreading as well as writing. It’s unrealistic to expect someone to put in that many hours churning out content, even if one finds writing about widgets an exhilarating prospect. It’s unsustainable for a writer to do so, and disingenuous for an employer to expect that the writer can do so. What’s most disheartening about this job posting even more than the fact that it would be more reasonable for the client to hire more writers to produce fewer articles each is that it’s one of the more generous offers I’ve seen online lately. There’s no writing tip buried among these observations. There’s simply a plea to any readers who might be posting job listings such as the one I’ve described to ask themselves whether they could actually sustain this workload, whether they could live on the meager compensation usually offered for such assignments. Do they want to attract writers, or are they content with typists? (No offense intended against transcribers, of course.) If there’s any tip to be shared, it’s to my fellow freelance writers out there: Yes, projects may generally be scarce and poorly compensated, and it’s tempting to take grueling assignments such as the one described in this job listing. (I’ve done so for a while.) But never forget that unless you’re a novice, or you’re a merely competent writer, you deserve better than this and novices and competent writers will get better and deserve better and you must be diligent about finding the best offers. And, once you’re hired and have proven your value, be diligent about assertively requesting periodic boosts in pay as a reward for your increasingly valuable contributions to the success of the enterprise. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Freelance Writing category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:20 Computer Terms You Should Know26 Feel-Good Words40 Words Beginning with "Para-"

Strategic Management - Google's Company Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Strategic Management - Google's Company - Essay Example This company has been implementing a generic business level strategy, which involve differentiation through a process of providing unique products and services to their customers. Nevertheless, the company’s success is attributable to search engine services, since these services have increased reliability of internet searches. Therefore, this paper explores Google’s generic business strategies, their implementation and future challenges. Generic Business Strategies One of Google’s generic strategies is differentiation, and it is illustrated through their web search engine services. In this case, this company has managed to differentiate themselves from their competitors by using a PageRank system, which is patented (Google, 2013, 1). In fact, PageRank system operates through search inquiries, which are used to determine recursive score assigned to web pages in terms of weighted sum. Therefore, this system connects web pages in order to form an interrelationship b y which they are accessed. Moreover, this provides a special way of accessing web pages, whereby this accessibility is based on users’ interest rather than number of times a page has been accessed. Furthermore, this way of searching web pages provides a basis of competition among them. On the other hand, the PageRank system integrates an algorithm, which is reorganized time after time in order to ensure that search results are excellent. Google Company is very secretive on issues regarding this algorithm; thus, this has led to difficulties for competitors to imitate their intangible products. Through their secrecy, Google has managed to maintain their competitive advantage. Differentiation strategy through internet searches has also propelled their advertising business. In this case, Google introduced AdWords, which had a significant impact on their advertising business, whereby they provided a way through which clients are able to reach target customers or audience (Google, 2013, 1). In addition, Adwords offers a way through which users create text advertisements and they are able to manage them through accounts without hefty payments. Therefore, their pricing strategy offers a differentiation from their competitors and Google’s partners (Guzak, 2013, 133). Implementation of Current Strategies The differentiation strategies are implemented by Google in entering the existing market, and this has led to significant changes in patterns because of increased number of internet users. Moreover, the differentiation strategy focuses on satisfying diversified needs for their customers (Guzak, 2013, 133). In fact, implementation of this strategy is undertaken through their search engine strategic direction, which is applied in the processes of penetrating into a market, in product and market development. On the other hand, this company uses Adwords to implement diversification strategy, especially in the process of introducing products in new market. For instance, in 2000, Google laid strategies that involved targeting customers, who were seeking advertisement services through internet-based searches. Therefore, implementation of diversification strategy through Adwords has generated significant revenue for this company, thereby becoming one of

Mobile Marketing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Mobile Marketing - Essay Example Therefore, the marketers of today should have a hawks eye on any new marketing trends and issues so that they can be adopted and addressed respectively and so that they benefit the marketing activities of the product to the maximum possible. The current issues in marketing are those which have not been that prevalent/popular or even existent a year ago, and this is where the need for spotlight on them arises. Marketers in the making need to have a close look at these current issues so that they can incorporate them in their marketing practices when they step into the practical life. Not just those in the making, but it is essential for current established marketers to be flexible for these current issues so as to provide the best marketing services to the product or company. When the mobile phone was initially invented, it was done so for the purpose of wireless communication and was used specifically for emergencies or when someone had to travel. But with the passage of time, dependence on the mobile phone has increased as this little device has become more than just a means of communication for emergency purposes. The mobile phone has become a very interactive medium, with the invention of other services like SMS (Short Message Service), MMS (Multimedia Message Service) and GPRS (General Packet Radio Service). These services have increased the attractiveness of this little piece of phone and opened many horizons and opportunities for marketers. This can be said because the mobile phone is a device which is present with the owner 24/7. It is not a television, which is seen only when time is available or the newspaper, which is read once its got hold of. It is the mobile phone, which is individually owned by every single person and they keep it. Therefo re, access is unlimited and the user is bound to go through any SMS or mms that hits their cell phone, thereby increasing the chances of attention that a particular marketing attempt will get in the eyes of the target audience. (Salter, 2007) With passing time, the popularity of the mobile phone marketing is ever increasing and this rate is not getting stagnant. In the year 2008 only, it has been reported that over 89% of businesses will be considering marketing through using the mobile phone. At times, the issue in this type of marketing often gets raised that the users of mobile phones are bombarded with unwanted advertisements and marketing efforts, something that stands as a boulder to the important messages that they might be waiting for. It was even regarded as "spam", a term popularly known for email, but can be used when the customers are abused by unwanted content in any other media as well. But in some parts of the world, mobile marketing through using the SMS facility has been made a legal act to do, and therefore, this increases the opportunities for all marketers as they can now reach their optimal potential in marketing without worrying about harming laws. (Goswami, 2008) Mobile marketing can take many forms: they can be done through MMS, through sponsoring the

Nonwestern Literature Essay Example for Free

Nonwestern Literature Essay Modern literature does not show the extent to which literature has come. Medieval forms of literature reflected an unprecedented level of purity and originality. A study of the similarities and dissimilarities between cultures reveals the exchange of ideology that occurred many centuries ago. This gives weight to the assertion that modern forms of literature from different regions of the world once shared certain characteristics. It should not get assumed that the different forms of literature arose from the same inspiration. Rather, the varying types of literature occurred separately. However, due to improvements in technology and communication, forms of literature have become similar over time. An in-depth look at Egyptian, Indian, and Chinese literatures highlights this clearly. China and India, as countries from the East, have a winding, rich, and spectacular literary tradition. The exchange of literary accomplishments between the two nations has never ceased even until modern times. The primary groundwork for such an exchange became established through the introduction of Buddhism into China. As a result of this introduction, Indian literature began imparting nourishment to its Chinese counterpart. Thus, Chinese literature adopted plenty of influences from Indian literature. Resulting effects on Chinese literature have manifested themselves in aspects of aesthetic tendency, form, subject, rhetoric and vocabulary. In ancient times, Buddhism served as the key medium for Chinese-Indian literary exchanges. Chinese literature has become more and more influenced by Indian literature in recent times due to the assimilation of Buddhist influences. Nevertheless, the extent and nature of the literary exchange between India and China has become two-sided and complementary in recent times. There exist similarities and differences between Chinese and Indian literature. In both Chinese and Indian literature, the form of literature gets classified as primarily oral. In both Chinese and Indian literatures, extensive written forms of literature appeared in later periods compared to the emergence of oral forms of literature. In both Chinese and Indian literature, the emergence of written forms of literature arose due to the spread of literacy programs pioneered by the ruling authorities in both countries. Also, both Indian and Chinese literatures have different forms of literature contributing to the overall state of literature in the respective countries. Moreover, both Indian and Chinese literatures have experienced changes due to modern influences from the western world. On the other hand, a few differences arise between Chinese and Indian literature. Chinese literature has always gotten expression through only one language. This has remained true for the over 3000 years which the Chinese civilization has existed. On the contrary, Indian literature has experienced segmentation due to the presence of numerous languages within India. The Indian culture has officially recognized 22 languages and among these languages, 21 of them have establishes their own unique forms of literature. Indian literature has gotten influence from the various traditions that have governed over the country. Throughout its history, various family traditions have dictated the nature of ownership over the country. In turn, the varying styles of ownership have had an unmistakable effect on the types of literature. Thus, different ownership periods as demarcated by family traditions have different kinds of literature. Conversely, various dynasties throughout the whole period of its sovereign existence have ruled China. This has led to the classification of types of literature based on the particular dynasty that ruled the country at the time of the emergence of the literature. These dynasties include Zhou, Qin, Han, Tang, Song, Yuan, Ming, and Qing. During the existence of all these dynasties, various forms of literature have arisen. For instance, early woodblock and poetry became embraced during the Tang dynasty while novels gained prominence during the Ming dynasty. Chinese and Egyptian literatures share many points of reference. Both forms of literature began experiencing formative influences before the Common Era. Egyptian literature has its roots in ancient Egyptian culture. Along with Sumerian literature, ancient Egyptian literature gets classified as the one of the earliest forms of literature. In both forms of literature, the ownership periods played a key role towards the definition and classification of different types of literature. Both Chinese and Egyptian forms of literature have pioneered forms of writing, which had not existed earlier. Egyptian literature gave rise to hieroglyphics. Also, the writing of blurbs began in the 14th century Egyptian times. The writing of blurbs thus emerged as a key component of literary writing in the contemporary world. Both forms of literature have allowed the influence of different forms of literature from other countries. Egyptian literature became molded by the influx of foreign poets who flocked the town of Alexandria. These poets originated from Greece and Rome. They immigrated to Alexandria so as to utilize the library facility in the town. As a result of their extended stay in Egypt, the poets began expressing their literature in Arabic language. Inevitably, the existing literature within Egypt became fused with the literature brought by the European poets. The infiltration and influence of Indian Buddhism has played a prominent role in the shaping the Chinese literature toward adopting Indian connotations. Meditation has become a key component of Chinese literature unlike previous times. This lays testament to the fact that Indian Buddhism has left an indelible mark on Chinese literature. In Chinese literature, the initial form of literature consisted primarily of oral forms. Written forms of literature appeared during later periods of civilization. This stands in stark contrast to Egyptian literature, which has the autobiography as its oldest form. Egyptian literature got expressed in papyrus reeds. These provided the writing material on which ancient Egyptian writers would record their literary works. Also, Egypt invented calligraphy, which emerged as a key means of writing during that era. Chinese literature has received influence primarily stemming from the ruling influences within the country. The dynasties that have exercised governorship over the country have molded the types of literature within China. In contrast, Egyptian literature has experienced influences stemming from external sources. The conquering of Egypt by Muslim Arabs had a major impact on the literature in Egypt. Libraries became established and literature thrived. Papyrus reeds became replaced by cloth paper as writing surfaces. Another difference between Egyptian and Chinese literature appears when it comes to the overriding motive behind the change in literature. In Chinese literature, the changes undertaken in literature have occurred involuntarily and with the noble aim of improving the Chinese culture. On the other hand, changes in Egyptian literature have become implemented for the sole purpose of embracing Islam. The majority of Egyptian literature back in medieval times consisted of wisdom literature. This shows that the wider number of Egyptian literary works got written mainly for instruction and guidance. Such instruction recognizes the social format of life that exists in Egypt. Family values take the first place in Egypt. As a result, the forms of literature within the country give precedence to the values honored by families. However, the majority of forms of literature written in China became formulated for the purpose of entertainment. This arises due to the communal nature of the Chinese culture. Hence, the forms of literature become designed in such a way as to amuse and thereby engender a sense of togetherness within the community. ?Egyptian and Indian literatures have stunning similarities and glaring differences. The bulk of both Egyptian and Indian literatures bears literature intended for instruction. Both Egyptian and Indian cultures recognize the supremacy of family values. Thus, the literature of both countries became formulated with the intention of providing the families with instructive information regarding family life. Indian folklore and Egyptian folklore combined as key elements towards the formation of storytelling formats. Both Indian and Egyptian literatures have become molded for the purpose of accommodating religious beliefs. Literature in Egypt has evolved with the passage of time as it becomes more permissible to the Islamic faith and body of beliefs. Since Islam has gained wide acclaim as the state religion, the form of literature within Egypt has sought to reflect this truth in its form. This has endeavored to avoid hurting the religiously-trained consciences of Egyptians. In India, religion has had a major impact towards the changes that have occurred in Indian literature. India plays host to majority of the world’s most populous forms of faith. Buddhism alone has had an understated effect on the form of Indian literature. The prevalence of meditation techniques within Egyptian literature gives evidence of the extent of Buddhist influence.? However, a few differences exist between Indian and Egyptian literatures. Egyptian literature had its beginnings much earlier than Indian literature. This necessarily makes Egyptian literature richer than Indian literature. The superior quality of Egyptian literature becomes apparent through a sober consideration of the genres that have gotten invented due to Egyptian literature. Indian literature has become classified in terms of tradition due to the ideologies that have governed the country. In the contrary, Egyptian literature has always manifested their Islamic inclinations. Also, Egyptian literature received notable influence from European poets while India has risen to become the source of poetic influence to other countries like China. The history of Egyptian literature had its beginnings in ancient Egypt. The River Nile had a massive influence on the development of Egyptian literature. The town of Alexandria served as a major confluence for the emergence of literary influences. This happened because of the presence of the Library of Alexandria. This library served as hubs for poets originating from Greece and Rome, which served as key world powers in that time. The influence of these foreign poets had an unprecedented effect on Egyptian literature. Beginning from the period of the tyrannical Pharaohs until the conclusion of the Roman Empire’s rulership, ancient Egyptian literature got expresses in Egyptian language. Ancient Egyptian literature gains recognition as the world’s earliest form of literature along with other genres like Sumerian literature.? However, forms of writing in ancient Egypt did not surface until the late periods of the 4th century. This included both hieratic and hieroglyphic forms of writing. At some time before the modern era, the available literary works included epistles and letters, texts, hymns and poems, and memorials. These biographical texts got penned so as to document the professional lives of noteworthy administrative marshals. These developments notwithstanding, narrative forms of Egyptian literature became created in late periods of the 17th century BC. The formation of narrative forms sparked a media revolution in the whole of Egypt. Such a revolution occurred due to various factors. The unprecedented rise in literacy levels played a primary role for the revolution. Other factors included widespread access to written literature, rise of an intellectual class of scribes, new cultural sensibilities about individuality, unprecedented levels of literacy, and mainstream access to written materials.? The history and tradition of Indian literature primarily features verse though it also seems fundamentally oral. The earliest works became composed for the purpose of getting sung or recited. In this raw form, they became transmitted throughout a number of generations before getting written down as permanent recordings. As a result of this belated recording, the earliest records of a text appear later by several millenniums than the stated date of its initial composition. Furthermore, probably because the majority of Indian literature appears as either religious or as a reworking of common stories from the Sanskrit tales, the Ramayana and the Mahabharata, and the mythological writings, the authors often maintain their anonymity. Biographical components and details of the lives of the majority of the earlier Indian authors appear only in much later myths and legends. In medieval Indian literature, the earliest works in many of the languages were sectarian, designed to advance or to celebrate some unorthodox regional. Much traditional Indian literature is derived in theme and form not only from Sanskrit literature but from the Buddhist and Jain texts written in the Pali language and the other Prakrits (medieval dialects of Sanskrit). This applies to literature in the Dravidian languages of the south as well as to literature in the Indo-Iranian languages of the north. Invasions of Persians and Turks, beginning in the 14th century, resulted in the influence of Persian and Islamic culture in Urdu, although important Islamic strands can be found in other literatures as well, especially those written in Bengali, Gujarati, and Kashmiri. After 1817, entirely new literary values were essay, and literary drama (this last incorporating both classical Sanskrit and Western models)—that gradually engulfed the customary Indian verse genres. Urdu poets remained faithful to the old forms while Bengalis were imitating such English poets as Percy Bysshe Shelley or T. S. Eliot.? The history of ? Chinese literature extends for thousands of years. This started from the earliest recorded dynastic court archives to the mature fictional novels that arose during the Ming Dynasty. These mature fictional novels became penned for the sake of entertaining the masses of literate Chinese citizens. To various Westerners, Chinese literature remains hugely unexplored in comparison to the rich state of the Chinese culture. As a matter of fact, it is a treasure of a very considerable number of brilliant and profound works as each dynasty, in the long history of China, has passed down its legacy of magnificent events and works. For 3500 years, they have woven a variety of genres and forms encompassing poetry, essays, fiction and drama; each in its own way reflecting the social climate of its day through the high spirit of art. Chinese literature has its own values and tastes, its own reigning cultural tradition and its own critical system of theory. Chronologically, it can be divided into four main periods: classical, modern, contemporary, and the present-age literature. Classical literature refers to the earliest period and covers works from three thousand years ago to the late Qing Dynasty and is a virtually unbroken strand enduring dynastic changes. Since it was nearly always developed under the reign of centralized and unified government, it is imbued with the thoughts of a culture that embraced slavery and a feudal society. It was steeped in an enclosed environment that hardly had any real links with religion or least of all the literature of foreign cultures. ? Modern Literature refers to the period from the Opium War in 1840 to the May Fourth Movement in 1919. As the decadent reign of the Qing failed to inspire the minds of people, the literary forms had remained unchanged; till the Opium War in 1840. Then they absorbed the impact of western thoughts as foreigners poured in China and established their colonies. Novels, poetry and other works began to appear with a theme of patriotism and a revelation of social ills. Contemporary literature spanned the period from 1919 to the foundation of modern in 1949 and took on a new vigor, despite the fact that Chinese was in the throes of checkered and complicated times. This period was distinctive as it brought into being a new and revised literary language, form, content and skills allowing it to evolve into an independent and open art available to the whole of society. It attached great attention to peoples lives and a future with strong political tendencies. Influenced by the tide of the world literature, it provided wide and amiable communication between writers and readers. Present-Age literature has evolved since the establishment of the Peoples Republic in 1949. During this time, there was a logjam as a consequence of the Cultural Revolution that lasted for nearly 10 years. That era is now long past and we now have a favorable turn on events and a great number of responsible writers deepen the literary forms and content. Nowadays literature prospers. As the Chinese nation is a racial mix of Han people together with 55 other ethnic groups, literature reflects this. The various ethnic groups have contributed greatly in this field.? China stands as the only country worldwide with a mono-language literature for over 3,000 years. This continuity comes from the nature of the written language itself. It is the use of characters, not letters as in Western languages, that is, most important in the Chinese language. The characters stand for things or ideas and so, unlike groups of letters, they cannot and need never get sounded. Thus Chinese could be read by people in all parts of the country in spite of gradual changes in pronunciation, the emergence of regional and local dialects, and modification of the characters. A revolution held in China marked the dynasties whereby a clan ruled over an empire. Inevitably, the significant change of Chinese society that occurred with the change of government invariably led to an alteration of literature. Thus, Chinese literature gradually became westernized and Classical language got absolved from utilization. The national government desired for women to enjoy equal privileges like men. This clamor for an equal status in society resulted in plenty of women writers and scholars. As a result, the amount of politically oriented literature doubled. Academicians got unrestrained access to literature from foreign countries while plenty of students received scholarships so as to study abroad. The New Culture Movement became disbanded and writers endeavored to blaze the trail in transforming China into a modern industrialized nation. Writers also intended to replace Confucian life-style with a modern, westernized one. Under the leadership of the national government, there existed some freedom of expression. During that period of relative freedom, lots of different views and styles of literature became widely popular. But at the moment China came under attack from Japan, the resulting Communist victory led to the curtailing of former freedoms. For instance, only literature that met the approval of the government became allowed. Egyptian literature has also experienced plenty of changes due to interaction with western cultures. The expansion of the international market has necessitated the presence of many foreigners within Egyptian soil. As a result of such mingling, Egyptian literature has become influenced by western attitudes and notions. India has become a key player in the Commonwealth of Nations movement. Inevitably, it has become the focal point for conducting business within Asia. Thus, Indian literature has adopted other cultures. Buddhism has also become part and parcel of the literature of many other countries. This highlights the exchange that has undoubtedly occurred between Indian literature and other forms of literature. REFEREENCES Allen, James P. (2000), Middle Egyptian: An Introduction to the Language and Culture of Hieroglyphs, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.? Foster, John Lawrence (2001), Ancient Egyptian Literature: An Anthology, Austin: University of Texas Press.? K, Kripalani (1970). Modern Indian Literature.? Knight, Sabina (2012). Chinese Literature : A Very Short Introduction. Oxford; New York: Oxford University Press, Very Short Introductions Series.? Levy, Andre (2000). Chinese Literature, Ancient and Classical. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.? Lichtheim, Miriam (2006), Ancient Egyptian Literature: Volume II: The New Kingdom, with a new foreword by Hans-W. Fischer-Elfert, Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press.? M. , Winternitz. (1973) . A History of Indian Literature.? Mair, Victor H. (2001). The Columbia History of Chinese Literature. New York: Columbia University Press.? T. , W. , Clark. (1970). The Novel in India.? Quirke, S. (2004), Egyptian Literature 1800 BC, questions and readings, London: Golden House Publications.

The Computer :: essays research papers

The Computer This report is about the impact that the personal computer has made during the past 10 years on the the community. It is a report that includes detailed information about the personal computer and the way it has worked its way into a lot of peoples everyday lives. It includes information about the Internet and how it has shaped peoples life from just a hobby and into an obsession. It includes detailed information about its history, especially the time in which it was first developed. There is information about future possibilities for the computer about who it could be the future and destroy the future. There is a description on how it is developed and an in-depth look at how it works. A personal computer is a machine that lets you do do just about everything you could think of. You can do some basic word-processing and spreadsheets as well as 'Surf the Internet'. You can play the latest computer games by yourself as well as against someone from across the other side of the world. It can store databases which could contain information that is kept by police for easier records or you could just use it for your own family history. The basic structure of a computer is a keyboard, a moniter, a and case which holds all the componets to make a computer run like a Hard drive, a Motherboard, and a Video card. There are many other additions you can make to this such as a Modem, a Joystick, and a Mouse. The personal computer was developed during the year 1945 by the Americans to help them decode enemy secret codes during the Second World War. At this time the computers were huge and only used by governments because they were as big as room. This was because the main thing they used were vacuum valves which made the computer enormous. They also never had anything to hold any memory so they couldn't actually be classed as a true computer. The introduction of a way to store a file was brought around in the year 1954. The computer did not have a big impact on the community until about the year 1985 Commodore released a gange of computers called the Commodore 64 and also another Commodore computer called the Vic 20 which was released in the year 1982. When Intel saw the Commodore 64's success it released its brand new 386 processor in the year 1985. Though the 386 was easily the better and faster processor the Commodore 64 seemed to be the computer getting all the attention

Harley-Davidson’s Just-in-Time (JIT) Journey Essay

Case Summary This case is about the Just-in-Time (JIT) implementation at Harley-Davidson Motor Company. After World War II, they faced with competition from Japanese companies, which were able to produce better quality motorcycles at comparatively lower cost. Harley-Davidson found that there were three most important practices of Japanese companies, which differentiated their production process from that of others: JIT manufacturing, employee involvement, and statistical process control. Harley-Davidson adopted those three principles and formulated different strategies to make this move possible and to make its manufacturing processes as efficient as that of its Japanese counterparts. The company finally succeeded in achieving its goals of reducing the cost of production, improving quality, and increasing its market share. With the company again getting into hard times, this case presents how it was trying to focus on â€Å"continuous improvement† in a bid to bring itself back into profits . Question #1: Why has continuous improvement been so successful at Harley Davidson? Continuous improvement is ongoing effort to improve products, services or processes. These efforts can seek â€Å"incremental† improvement over time or â€Å"breakthrough† improvement all at once. Under continuous improvement, a task or series of tasks were identified as the problem area in the business process, manufacturing operations, and product development where improvement could be made. Harley-Davidson required the active participation and commitment of its employees to help in eliminating unnecessary steps and complexity for the process and to bring more flexibility into the system. Continuous improvement helped the company identify savings opportunities and put those mechanisms into places, also improved the quality standards and the reduced the waste in the forms of cost, time and defects. Therefore with a year, all Harley-Davidson’s manufacturing operations were being converted to JIT: components and sub-assemblies were â€Å"pulled† through the production system in response to final demand. Question #2: Considering the road ahead, what specific actions can Harley Davidson take that will move them toward their goals? Harley Davidson could keep doing â €Å"continuous improvement.† Take a closer look at its operations in a bid to get its cost structure right and manage shipments consistent with the expected slowing of consumer spending. For continuous improvement, it’s begins with identify the current process and take a vote on which process would most benefit from improvement, then map out the existing process using a project board like A3 report. After fully understand the process, identify areas of opportunity surrounding the mapped process, to do this teams should analyze the current process and scrutinize areas that may be streamlined. Finally, the team will decide on a new process. In order to reduce excess capacity or costs and gain efficiencies, the company has consolidated some of its production facilities, and parts, accessories and general merchandise distribution operations to improve its overall process. The company also made it a high priority to manage supply in line with demand. In addition, the company started restructuring its production process to reduce complexity and create the flexibility to produce multiple product families on the same assembly line every day at the beginning of 2009.

Economic and Political Status in Paraguay

Paraguay’s economy has constantly been improving over the years despite some set-backs they must face. Since they are a land-locked country, they do not have as many resources as most of its surrounding countries. They must rely mostly on agriculture for their main exports. As for Paraguay’s government and political conditions, they now have a president elected for a 5-year term. There are many different political parties, and the type of government Paraguay runs under is constitutional republic. Unlike Paraguay’s surrounding countries, Argentina, Chile and Brazil, it is land-locked therefore giving them fewer resources than their neighbors. With a predominantly agricultural economy, Paraguay is most dependent on these products. Conflict theory can be applied in a very large scale, to the country of Paraguay as a whole. Paraguay’s resources are much scarcer then others and they must compete and work hard for what they do have. The larger countries with the ocean as a resource have more power; therefore Paraguay will do what they must to get what they need from other countries. This provides the country with a difficult struggle trying to balance out their economy. However, their economy has been improving. There is a large amount of underemployment and unemployment in the economy. Nearly 35% of Paraguay’s population is unemployed. Those who do work, work mostly in agricultural jobs since that is Paraguay’s main export. The country has vast hydroelectric resources, including the world's second-largest hydroelectric generation facility built and operated jointly with Brazil. One large resource they lack that many others do not is petroleum resources. The economy is dependent on exports of cattle, soybeans, timber, cotton, grains, and sugar; electricity generation. Paraguay also re-exports products made elsewhere to Brazil and Argentina. Paraguay is a major illegal producer of marijuana and most or the entire product goes to Argentina, Chile and Brazil. Paraguay’s gross domestic product rose from 12. 8 billion to 16. 1 billion dollars, which was a 26% increase. Also, the foreign exchange reserves rose 33% to 3. 2 billion. Although Paraguay struggles with their range and certain aspects of their economy, it has constantly been improving over time. Paraguay's government is highly centralized, which was changed by the 1992 constitution, which provides for division of powers. The president, who is popularly elected for a 5-year term, then appoints a cabinet. Paraguay has a bicameral Congress which consists of an 80-member Chamber of Deputies and a 45-member Senate, elected with the president through a comparative representation system. The Deputies are elected by department and senators are elected nationwide. Paraguay's government also foll ows the three branches of government. The president alone comprises the Executive branch. Legislative is made up of the Senate and Chamber of Deputies. Lastly, the Judicial branch belongs to the Supreme Court of Justice. The A governor elected by a popular vote heads each of Paraguay's 17 departments. Paraguay has some limits with its economy, however has improved drastically and will continue to do so. Looking at the large increase in the GDP, Paraguay’s overall economic status has been bringing in more money, which will only help improve the country’s economy. They have a strong market for agriculture which brings in most of their revenue. As for their government, it could be somewhat comparable to the United States. Their president has a longer, 5 year term, and there are lower braches and houses in government that help run the country.

Early year practitioners working with birth Essay Example

Early year practitioners working with birth Essay Example Early year practitioners working with birth Essay Early year practitioners working with birth Essay In my essay I have aimed for the reader to accomplish an apprehension of what might look to be some challenges confronting early twelvemonth practicians working with birth three old ages in and out of place attention. I undertook three visits to an eight-week-old babe See Appendix 1 sing background information. I completed three observation sheets that demonstrate my interaction with a kid of that age. Before I started my observations I was cognizant of what experiences could be valuable to Jack. Due to his immature age I knew his communicating accomplishments would dwell of smile, oculus contact and weeping. I was besides cognizant he would be wholly dependent on grownups to back up his physical and emotional demands. I besides considered Piaget schemes of idea as he believed kids s lineation of ideas are evident from infancy in their early physical and centripetal actions. During my clip detecting Jack I was ever in his place environment. I began to see what challenges working with this age group could be in an early old ages puting. Current ratios in child care scenes are one grownup to three babes aged six hebdomads two old ages. Children aged two three old ages have the ratio of one grownup to five kids. These ratios are set by the conditions made by Care Commission when inspecting premises for the first clip before it opens. This shows the degree of interaction will be limited compared to a 1:1 ratio that a kid can have at place. The quality of the interaction may be limited in a scene depending on the single personality. This is where it is of import for the practicians to be cognizant of Getting it right for every kid , ( 2007 ) . This gives the practician the chance to look at a kid s best results for their well being regardless of their background or single demands. In appendix B:3, column 3 I imitated Jack s sounds and looks. I picked up on his cue and copied it. This is in-line with Trevarthen, ( 1977:255 ) Play taking to a structured game and laughter, develops manus in manus with primary intersubjectivity . Interaction starts really early. Pre-verbal communicating is the beginning of child linguistic communication accomplishments. Schaffer ( 1996 ) engaged together utilizing a assortment of duologue between doing sounds, motion touch and a assortment of facial looks. Children will besides mirror what they are shown. Murray and Andrew, ( 2000:52 ) The parent s mirroring is a manner of conveying their credence of the babe and it can both affirm and enrich the babe s experiences . In appendix B:2, column 3 Jack mirrored his Dendranthema grandifloruom s face signals. A babe s stress degree demands to be considered as Lyon et Al ( 2000 ) suggested a high degree of control could impact later emotional life for that kid. This will impact their wellbeing. In my observation I was cognizant of the importance non to emphasize babe Jack and to follow his modus operandi. This is apparent in B:1, column 2 and B:2, column 2. Harmonizing to Balbernie, ( 2001 ) Relationships are indispensable to the babe s wellness and wellbeing, and find their future potency and life opportunities. This was of import for me to understand as I engaged with baby Jack. As a practician relationships with kids under three old ages play an of import function in the kid s future results. Challenges for a kid being at place may be that they live far off from other kids and non hold any siblings. Besides parents are passing more clip off from place due to work committednesss. Dryden, ( 2005 ) feels practicians will necessitate to be argus-eyed of a kid who may non be used to sharing or new/loud noises. The kid may besides non be used to sharing the important grownup. The scene has to be a high acquisition environment for kids up to three old ages. Adults have a duty to hold a cognition and apprehension of kid development. Adults do hold an influence in a kid s development. As households may besides inquire for advice, a practician needs to be able to back up them or hold an apprehension when they need to seek farther advice from another beginning. These are all facets that Dryden ( 2005 ) considers to be of import. Working in partnership with parents sharing information and affecting them in their kid s uninterrupted acquisition and development . This is stated in The Early Years Foundation Stage, point 1.27. Harmonizing to Frobel, Montessori and Steiner each phase of a kid s development is of import and requires sensitive and appropriate handling. They believed in looking at a kid s accomplishment instead than what a kid struggles to make. However as I was working with a kid of a immature age I was cognizant of his encephalon cells organizing quickly. Harmonizing to Dowling, ( 2010 ) A immature encephalon grows quickly through centripetal experiences, touch, gustatory sensation, touch hearing, seeing and odor . I felt with the experiences B1-B3 I contributed to Jack s larning whilst maintaining his modus operandi in topographic point. Different theoretical accounts can be used to see a kid s development. The checklist theoretical account is where a practician can see what a kid can or can non accomplish. The medical theoretical account is whereby seen if a kid is healthy. Another theoretical account is the shortage theoretical account. This is where an grownup will take activities in order to prove whether a kid has acquired cognition or developed a accomplishment. The Early Years Foundation Stage has a profile graduated table brochure, which practicians may utilize to help them with their observations and appraisal of a kid s development. Bowlby s ( 1969 ) theory points out babes and immature kids can go close to a little figure of grownups. Babies are besides born to seek secure fond regards ; they need comfort and have physical and emotional demands. A kid who has a unafraid fond regard may fight to settle into a nursery scene if non offered chances to blend with other grownups and kids. Bowlby s ( 1998 ) work demonstrates a kid in out-of-home scene will look for another grownup to be their important cardinal individual. A practician will necessitate to be cognizant a kid may experience vulnerable at arrival clip, alterations within the rumpus room and other grownups in the room. Dryden, ( 2005 ) expresses the importance of a practician working with the kid and household to develop a close professional relationship. The kid will see the household engagement with their cardinal worker and this will enable the kid to organize a secure fond regard to the cardinal worker/practitioner. Whalley and the Pen Green Centre Team, ( 1997 ) besides believe practicians and parents should portion information about the kid s drama behavior at place and within the scene. This will assist to supply a good apprehension of the benefits to the kid and to enable a close relationship to back up their drama. A challenge to this would be if parents were unwilling to work aboard the scene and with staff. In Early Years Foundation Stage Principle 1.4 one of the subjects emphasises that every kid is alone and has the ability to larn and develop in a confident mode. This will let practicians to understand the importance of being in melody with kids and this can be done through cognition of kid development and observations. Recording of information is besides of import for sharing information. This is outlined in the Pre-Birth to Three counsel. The Pre-Birth to Three, Positive Outcomes for Scots Children and Families papers is the national counsel for practicians working with kids under the age of three and for other grownups who are involved with kids. It is besides to do a smoother passage before kids begin to prosecute with the Curriculum For Excellence. Peoples may dispute if kids need a course of study for such an early age. Dryden, ( 2005 ) believes an early old ages curriculum must be examined to see the experiences that are of most relevancy to really immature kids. Dryden stresses that a course of study at the age of under three is non appropriate. Researchers Gopnik, Meltzoff and Kuhl ( 1999 ) believed babes learn through experience. A practician can offer experiences and chances in the early old ages to spread out their acquisition whilst utilizing a course of study for counsel. Pre-Birth to Three counsel provinces Supporting and supplying appropriate challenges for babes and immature kids is cardinal to accomp lishing positive results in the hereafter . A course of study for the kids under three harmonizing to Manning-Morton and Thorp, ( 2001 ) should be about concentrating on what kids can make either with or without support and non what they should be making at a certain age. Children s experience s under three old ages is the foundation of their hereafter. Children need positive relationships, interaction and chances to larn to turn to their full potency. Partnerships with parents and bureaus offer a community of support to the person. The function of the grownup is critical to the kid larning whether it be in the place or a drama puting. When be aftering to run into with baby Jack I communicated good with his female parent via the phone and by demoing her the information sing my work at university. This excessively is of import in a scene. This is in-line with the Pre-Birth to Three counsel developing effectual communicating systems . To run into all the kids demands, practicians will confront troubles in big scenes. Practitioners should see Bruce ( 1987 ) Principle 7 What babes and immature kids can instead than can non make is the get downing point of the kid s drama, acquisition and instruction. Time will besides play an of import factor in a prac tician s ability to run into the demands of kids, particularly under three old ages, as they are all persons and have peculiar modus operandis.

The Evolution of the Spinning Wheel

The Evolution of the Spinning Wheel The spinning wheel is an ancient invention used to transform various plant and animal fibers into thread or yarn, which are subsequently woven into cloth on a loom. No one knows for certain when the first spinning wheel was invented. Historians have come up with several theories. In Ancient History of the Spinning Wheel, German author and science historian Franz Maria Feldhaus traces the origins of the spinning wheel back to ancient Egypt, however, other historical documentation suggests that it debuted in India between 500 and 1000 A.D., while other evidence cites China as the point of origin. For those who accept the latter theory, the belief is that the technology migrated from China to Iran, and then from Iran to India, and finally, from India to Europe during the late Middle Ages and early  Renaissance. The Evolution of Spinning Technology A distaff, a stick or spindle upon which wool,  flax or other fibers are spun by hand is held horizontally in a frame and turned by a wheel-driven belt. Generally, the distaff was held in the left hand, while the wheel belt was slowly turned by the right. Evidence of early handheld spindles, from which spinning wheels would eventually evolve, have been found in Middle Eastern excavation sites that date back as far as 5000 BCE. Distaffs were used to create threads for the fabrics in which Egyptian mummies were wrapped, and were also the primary tools for spinning ropes and the material from which ship sails were constructed. Since spinning by hand was time-consuming and best-suited to small-scale production, finding a way to mechanize the process  was a natural progression. Although it would be some time before the technology reached Europe, by the 14th century, the Chinese had come up with water-powered spinning wheels. Around the year 1533, a spinning wheel featuring a stationary vertical rod and bobbin mechanism with the addition of a foot pedal debuted in the Saxony region of Germany. Foot power freed up the hands for spinning, making the process much faster. The flyer, which twisted the yarn as it was spun was another 16th-century advancement that increased the rate of yarn and thread production dramatically. The Industrialization of the Spinning Wheel At the dawn of the 18th century, the technology to produce thread and yarn was falling behind the ever-increasing demands for plentiful, high-quality textiles. Resulting yarn shortages led to an era of innovation that would eventually culminate in the mechanization of the spinning process. With British carpenter/weaver James Hargreaves 1764 invention of the spinning jenny, a hand-powered device featuring multiple spools, spinning became industrialized for the first time. Although a vast improvement over its hand-powered predecessors, the thread spun by Hargreaves invention wasnt of the best quality. Further improvements came via inventors  Richard Arkwright,  inventor of the water frame and Samuel Crompton, whose spinning mule incorporated both water frame and spinning jenny technology. The improved machines produced yarn and thread that was much stronger, finer, and of higher quality than that produced on the spinning jenny. Output was greatly increased as well, ushering in the birth of the  factory system. Spinning Wheel in Myth and Folklore The spinning wheel trope has been a popular plot device in folklore for thousands of years. Spinning is cited in the Bible and also makes its appearance in Greco-Roman mythology, as well as various folktales throughout Europe and Asia. Sleeping Beauty The earliest version of Sleeping Beauty appearance made its appearance in a French work, Perceforest (Le Roman de Perceforest) written sometime between  1330 and 1345. The story was adapted in the collected tales of the Brothers Grimm but is best known as a popular animated film from the studio of Walt Disney. In the story, a king and queen invite seven good fairies to be the godmothers of their infant princess. At the christening, the fairies are fà ªted by the king and queen, but unfortunately, there was one fairy who, through an oversight, never got an invitation but shows up anyway. Six of the other seven fairies have already bestowed gifts of beauty, wit, grace, dance, song, and goodness on the baby girl. Out of spite, the miffed fairy puts an evil spell on the princess: The girl is to die on her 16th birthday by pricking her finger on a poisoned spindle. While the seventh fairy can’t lift the curse, with her gift, she can lighten it. Instead of dying, the girl will sleep for a hundred years- until she’s awakened by the kiss of a prince. In some versions, the king and queen hide their daughter in the forest and change her name, hoping that the curse won’t find her. In others, the king orders every spinning wheel and spindle in the kingdom be destroyed, but on the day of her birthday, the princess happens on an old woman (the evil fairy in disguise), spinning away at her wheel. The princess, who has never seen a spinning wheel, asks to try it, and of course, pricks her finger and falls into an enchanted slumber. As time passes, a great thorny forest grows up around the castle where the girl lies sleeping but eventually, the handsome prince arrives and braves the briars, finally awakening her with his kiss. Arachne and Athena (Minerva) There are several versions of the cautionary tale of Arachne in Greek and Roman mythology. In the one told in Ovid’s Metamorphosis, Arachne was a talented spinner and weaver who boasted that her skills exceeded those of the goddess Athena (Minerva to the Romans). Hearing the boast, the goddess challenged her mortal rival to a weaving contest. Athenas work pictured four tableaux of mortals being punished for daring to think they equaled or surpassed the gods, while Arachnes showed gods abusing their powers. Sadly for Arachne, her work was not only superior to Athena’s, the theme she’d chosen only added insult to injury. Enraged, the goddess tore her competitor’s work to shreds and beat her about the head. In desolation, Arachne hanged herself. But the goddess wasn’t through with her yet. Live on then, and yet hang, condemned one,† Athena said, â€Å"but, lest you are careless in future, this same condition is declared, in punishment, against your descendants, to the last generation! After pronouncing her curse, Athena sprinkled Arachnes body with the juice of Hecates herb, â€Å"and immediately at the touch of this dark poison, Arachnes hair fell out. With it went her nose and ears, her head shrank to the smallest size, and her whole body became tiny. Her slender fingers stuck to her sides as legs, the rest is belly, from which she still spins a thread, and, as a spider, weaves her ancient web. Rumplestiltskin This fairytale of German origin was collected by the  Brothers Grimm  for the 1812 edition of  their Childrens and Household Tales. The story revolves around a social-climbing miller who tries to impress the king by telling him his daughter can spin straw into gold- which of course, she cant. The king locks the girl in a tower with a roomful of straw and orders her to spin it into gold by the next morning- or else face a harsh punishment (either decapitation or lifelong imprisonment in a dungeon, depending on the version). The girl is at her wits end and terrified. Hearing her cries, a tiny demon appears and tells her he will do whats been asked of her in exchange for a trade. She gives him her necklace and by morning, the straw has been spun into gold. But the king still isnt satisfied. He takes the girl to a larger room filled with straw and commands her to spin it into gold by the next morning, again or else. The imp comes back and this time the girl gives him her ring in trade for his work. The following morning, the king is impressed but still not satisfied. He takes the girl to an enormous room filled with straw and tells her if she can spin it into gold before morning, he will marry her- if not, she can rot in the dungeon for the rest of her days. When the demon arrives, she has nothing left to trade but the demon comes up with a plan. Hell spin the straw into gold- in exchange for her first-born child. Reluctantly, the girl consents. A year later, she and the king are happily married and she has given birth to a son. The imp returns to claim the baby. Now a wealthy queen, the girl begs him to leave the baby and take all her worldly goods but he refuses. The queen is so distraught, he makes her a bargain: If she can guess his name he will leave the baby. He gives her three days. Since no one knows his name (other than himself), he figures its a done deal. After failing to learn his name and exhausting as many guesses as she can come up with over the course of two days, the queen flees the castle and runs into the woods in despair. Eventually, she happens on a small cottage where she chances to hear its occupant- none other than the awful imp- singing: Tonight, tonight, my plans I make, tomorrow tomorrow, the baby I take. The queen will never win the game, for Rumpelstiltskin is my name. Armed with the knowledge, the queen returns to the castle. When the imp shows up the next day to take the baby, she calls out the evil tricksters name, Rumpelstiltskin! In a fury, he disappears, never to be seen again (in some versions, he gets so mad he actually explodes; in others, he drives his foot into the ground in a fit of rage and a chasm opens up and swallows him).

Industry Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 3

Industry Analysis - Essay Example There are many factors that have made Unilever successful and some of these factors include management, employees, technology, customers, and product quality and product size among others. Unilever has an effective management that focuses on achieving the organization’s objectives and goals. The management cooperates with the employees to ensure that all organizational activities are carried out effectively. Strong and talented management is very important in any organization, it is the key success factor in an organization, and having a good management team is necessary, as it will get all activities done on time and effectively. Employees form part of important success factors in an organization. Employees’ turnover and commitment is very important as this determines the productivity in an organization. The presence of educated and dedicated employees increases the company’s success rate. Therefore, highly qualified and educated management team and employees de termines organization’s productivity, effectiveness and success. Technology also is a determining factor in an organization since there is no company that can survive or flourish without dated and high-tech. the quality and type of technologies used in a company determines its position and success based on the quality of the products it produces. In addition, for the company to be successful, it must have potential and consistent customers who increase the company’s profitability. The company needs to satisfy its customers and retain them in order to generate more profits. If customers feel happy and satisfied, the company will be able to attract more consumers and retain the existing ones hence more profit. Furthermore, product quality and cost also determine the success of a company. For instance, the company should offer high quality products at an affordable price to its customers. Today, many customers are

There has been much written about september 11 and many visual Essay

There has been much written about september 11 and many visual accounts of the events of that day. these articles present a diff - Essay Example As such, it is the hope of this author that the reader can come to a more informed and broad understanding with regards to the way in which individual integration of understanding concerning the events of September 11th is channeled into society via the viewpoints within these specific articles. The first article, â€Å"September 11th, 2001: Picturing Time† focuses upon the way in which photographers of the events were impacted by what they saw, the ways in which others were impacted by these images, and the response mechanisms that these custodians of history applied to the most horrific spectacle they had likely ever seen. The author focuses upon the way in which the photographers were floored by the gravity of it all; so much so that they went into something of an autopilot mode – snapping pictures without coming to a complete understanding or cognition of what was going on around them. An example of this is the fact that many of these photographers had no recollecti on of the film they had snapped until such a time as it was returned to them from the developers. In short, this particular article represents the objectivist standpoint; in that the individuals responsible for chronicling these events were merely aware of the component parts of September 11th without being aware of the overall emotional gravity they portended. Conversely, the second article, entitled, â€Å"The Call to Life†, views the events from a moral standpoint; choosing instead to focus upon the horror of the way in which the events of that day ushered in an increased need for â€Å"the great public good of civil peace†. The author goes so far as to provide the quote from an unnamed friend who states, â€Å"Now we know what government is for†. Additional inflammatory/emotional language such as â€Å"protecting the flock† and denoted the terrorists as â€Å"evildoers† helps to further the emotionally charged rhetoric that was so common as ang er reached a boiling point soon after the attacks that brought down the twin towers. Another element that is represented alongside this seeming â€Å"righteous indignation† is the element of fear that was so pervasive. This element of fear is aptly noted in the following quote: â€Å"My daughter and I found ourselves discussing the need for a family plan shouldthere be a biological or chemical attack†. Although seemingly incongruous with the time in which we live, the reality of the time in which the article was written was quite different. The final article, entitled â€Å"After the Fall†, is unique in that it does not focus upon emotion and/or objectivity alone; rather it combines these and discusses the way in which iconoclasm has come to define the twin towers and 9/11 itself. The twin towers, as the author discusses, were never much beloved in the NYC skyline; however, even if these buildings were not the most attractive in terms of their architecture, they dominated the NYC skyline and commanded attention. Yet, it took their collapse to make them truly universally appreciated. The author goes on to argue that individuals throughout the country have turned these buildings into something of a shrine and anthropomorphized them to hold almost human qualities. This is of course expected after an attack and does not surprise. In short,